PEO ACWA Introduction
What is PEO ACWA?
The mission of the Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, known as PEO ACWA, was to oversee the safe and environmentally compliant destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile stored at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot in Colorado, completed in June 2023, and the Blue Grass Army Depot in Kentucky, completed in July 2023. PEO ACWA is now responsible for the safe and environmentally compliant closure of the Pueblo and Blue Grass plants.
As a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention, or CWC, the U.S. agreed to destroy all chemical weapons it owned or possessed. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity destroyed nearly 90% of the original chemical weapons stockpile. PEO ACWA destroyed the remaining 10% of the nation’s chemical weapons stockpile by the CWC treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. Watch the following video for more information about the program (this video portrays the PEO ACWA program prior to the July 7, 2023, completion of destruction of the declared U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons):
To learn more, visit the About PEO ACWA page.
Why does PEO ACWA exist?
In the 1980s, the rise of international concern regarding the effects of chemical warfare led to the decision by Congress to direct the Army to destroy all U.S. chemical weapons. This was reinforced by a Presidential directive and the U.S. ratification in 1997 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international treaty that calls upon all member nations to destroy their chemical weapons and production facilities. To comply with the treaty, the U.S. agreed to destroy its remaining chemical weapons.
Initially, incineration was the only proven destruction technology in the U.S. to destroy chemical weapons; however, environmental and community concerns led to discussions around alternative means by which the stockpile could be destroyed.
In 1997, Congress established the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment program, known as ACWA, under Public Law 104-208 to identify and demonstrate at least two technologies as alternatives to incineration for the destruction of assembled chemical weapons.
Upon ACWA’s successful demonstration of several alternative technologies from 1997 to 2000, legislation passed by Congress in 2003 (Public Law 107-248) assigned the ACWA program responsibility to safely destroy the remaining 10% of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile located in Colorado and Kentucky. ACWA’s expanded mission resulted in a redesignation from “Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment” to “Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives” in June 2003.
To learn more, visit the About PEO ACWA page and the Program Timeline.
Where is PEO ACWA located?
Headquarters in Maryland
PEO ACWA is headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The PEO ACWA headquarters team oversees the activities at plants in Kentucky and Colorado, which completed the safe and environmentally sound destruction of the remaining declared U.S. chemical weapons stockpile.
Facility in Pueblo, Colorado
The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or PCAPP, destroyed the chemical weapons stockpile at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD), now known as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, in southeastern Colorado. The plant destroyed 2,613 U.S. tons of mustard agent that had been stored at PCD since the 1950s.
Facility near Richmond, Kentucky
The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, destroyed the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot, or BGAD, near Richmond, Kentucky. The plant destroyed 523 U.S. tons of nerve agents sarin (GB) and VX, and mustard agent that had been stored at BGAD since the 1940s.
Field Office in Alabama
The PEO ACWA Anniston Field Office was established in 2014 to preserve the technical expertise of the former Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility staff and to leverage Anniston’s Static Detonation Chamber during chemical weapons destruction in Colorado and Kentucky.
When did the U.S. complete its chemical weapons destruction?
The U.S. completed chemical weapons stockpile destruction on July 7, 2023, when the final round of the stockpile was destroyed at the Blue Grass site.
Who manages the ACWA program?
Organizational Oversight
PEO ACWA is aligned under the U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center. This designation provides PEO ACWA with the necessary support and resources as an Army organization under the direct command and control of the Department of Defense. The PEO ACWA Program Director reports directly to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Threat Reduction and Arms Control), under the umbrella of the Department’s Chemical Demilitarization Program as mandated by Congress in Public Law 105-261.
Program Management
PEO ACWA is managed by a program director who leads a team that is carrying out the mission of the safe and environmentally sound destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile. This director is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the program, including operations at Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) in Colorado, Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) in Kentucky and PEO ACWA’s Anniston Field Office in Alabama.
To learn more, visit the Program Management Biographies page.
Systems Contractor Support
In 2002, the Bechtel Pueblo Team was awarded the systems contract to design, construct, systemize, pilot test, operate and close PCAPP in Pueblo, Colorado. In 2003, the Bechtel Parsons Blue Grass Team was awarded the systems contract for the design, construction, systemization, operations and closure of BGCAPP near Richmond, Kentucky.
How were the chemical weapons destroyed?
Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant
Neutralization followed by biotreatment was used to destroy the chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado. The Static Detonation Chamber, an explosive destruction technology, was selected to augment the heavily automated facility and was used to destroy 4.2-inch mortar rounds and problematic chemical munitions that could not be easily destroyed in the main plant.
Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant
Neutralization was used to destroy the nerve agent stockpile in Kentucky. Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, technology was used to destroy the entire mustard agent stockpile, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. An SDC unit also augmented main plant destruction by destroying containerized, drained and undrained rocket warheads, rockets unsuitable for destruction in the main plant and overpacked munitions. The SDC units continue to destroy containerized, drained agent-contaminated rocket warheads, considered secondary waste, during the plant’s closure stage.
Chemical Weapons Destruction
What are assembled chemical weapons?
Assembled chemical weapons are configured with fuzes, explosives, propellants, chemical agents, shipping and firing tubes and packaging materials. Examples include rockets and projectiles.
What types of chemical weapons were part of the stockpile located at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot and Blue Grass Army Depot?
The U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, now known as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, originally stored 2,613 U.S. tons of mustard agents in projectiles and mortar rounds. In Kentucky, the Blue Grass Army Depot originally stored 523 U.S. tons of both nerve and mustard agents in rockets and projectiles. Destruction of the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile has concluded.
What are mustard (blister) agents?
Mustard (blister) agent, purified sulfur mustard or distilled mustard, has a 5% sulfur impurity, less odor and greater blistering power than the original mustard agent used in World War I. Mustard agent is also known as H, HD or HT. Exposure to mustard agent causes inflammation of the eyes, nose, throat, trachea, bronchi and lung tissue, and blisters the skin. In amounts approaching the lethal dose, injury to bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen may occur. Mustard agent is toxic and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has deemed it a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent).
What are nerve agents?
There were two types of nerve agents stored in the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile: VX and GB. Nerve agent VX, a clear, odorless and tasteless liquid, has an appearance similar to motor oil. VX can become an aerosol (very small droplets) through explosion or a vapor through ignition. It is heavier than water and evaporates 2,000 times more slowly. Highly toxic in its liquid, aerosol and vapor forms, VX is most hazardous when absorbed through the skin.
Nerve agent GB, also known as sarin, is one of the most toxic members of the organophosphate family. Under normal conditions, it is a clear to straw-colored liquid and has approximately the same density and evaporation rate as water. GB presents the greatest hazard when released in vapor form. Such vapors can be released only by evaporation of the liquid or vaporization into the air.
To learn more, visit the Facts: Characteristics of Nerve Agents page.
What is the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?
Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or PCAPP, completed destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, now known as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, in Colorado, in June 2023. The stockpile originally consisted of 155mm and 105mm projectiles and 4.2-inch mortar rounds. PCAPP used neutralization followed by biotreatment to destroy a majority of the stockpile. The main plant was augmented by two explosive destruction technologies: the Explosive Destruction System, which operated from 2015 to 2018, and the Static Detonation Chamber, which operated from 2022 to 2023. The plant is now in the closure stage.
What is the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?
The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, is a state-of-the-art facility that safely destroyed the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot near Richmond, Kentucky, in July 2023. The stockpile originally consisted of three types of chemical weapons: 155mm projectiles, 8-inch projectiles and M55 rockets. The BGCAPP main plant used neutralization to destroy the nerve agent stockpile. Meanwhile, the site’s explosive destruction technology, the Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, was selected to destroy the entire mustard agent stockpile, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. An SDC unit was also used to destroy containerized, drained and undrained rocket warheads, rockets unsuitable for destruction in the main plant and overpacked munitions. The SDC units will continue to destroy containerized, drained agent-contaminated rocket warheads, considered secondary waste, during the plant’s closure stage.
What is the status of the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?
The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant moved from operations to closure following approval of the main plant closure plan on March 29, 2024 by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Meanwhile, the state approved the PCAPP Static Detonation Chamber closure plan on Nov. 5, 2024. The last munition in the chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado was destroyed in June 2023. The closure phase is expected to take several years.
To learn more, visit the PCAPP Project Stages page and the Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot page.
What is the status of the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?
The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, has completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile previously stored at the Blue Grass Army Depot. The last munition in the stockpile in Kentucky was destroyed in July 2023. The plant is now in the closure phase, expected to take three to four years, during which the Blue Grass Static Detonation Chamber units continue to operate to destroy agent-contaminated secondary waste.
To learn more, visit the BGCAPP Project Stages page and Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at Blue Grass page.
How were the chemical weapons at the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant destroyed?
Neutralization followed by biotreatment
The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant used neutralization followed by biotreatment to destroy a majority of the chemical weapons stockpile at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, now known as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity-West, in Colorado. The plant was augmented by explosive destruction technologies. The last munition in the chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado was destroyed in June 2023.
How were the chemical weapons at the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant destroyed?
Neutralization
During the neutralization process, munitions were taken apart and the chemical agent was mixed vigorously with hot water and sodium hydroxide, which destroyed or neutralized the agent. The resulting product, known as hydrolysate, was held and tested to ensure agent destruction before being shipped to an off-site treatment, storage and disposal facility for processing. Hydrolysate from decontamination activities will continue to be generated, tested and shipped during the plant’s closure stage.
To learn more, visit the Facts: Neutralization page.
Static Detonation Chamber
Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, technology was selected to augment the neutralization process to destroy the entire mustard stockpile in Kentucky, much of which was unsuitable for destruction in the main plant. SDC units were also selected to augment the main plant in destroying containerized, drained and undrained rocket warheads, rockets unsuitable for destruction in the main plant and overpacked munitions from the stockpile. The SDC units are destroying containerized, drained agent-contaminated rocket warheads, considered secondary waste, during the plant’s closure stage.
What are Explosive Destruction Technologies, and how do they relate to chemical weapons destruction?
Explosive Destruction Technologies are used to supplement destruction at the main plants and use explosive charges or heat to destroy chemical weapons. They do not require disassembly of the munitions. There are three general types of explosive destruction technologies that can destroy chemical weapons: detonation technology, neutralization technology and thermal destruction.
In Colorado, Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, technology operated from 2022 to 2023, and an Explosive Destruction System, or EDS, operated from 2015 to 2018. These explosive destruction technologies augmented the main plant by using a chamber or vessel to detonate problematic munitions and neutralize the chemical agent.
In Kentucky, SDC technology was selected to destroy all of the mustard projectiles, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. SDC units were also selected to process containerized, drained rocket warheads and overpacked munitions from the stockpile to augment main plant destruction in Kentucky.
Are the plants safe?
The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) and Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) comply with a number of safety standards set forth by the Department of Defense, U.S. Army, Army Materiel Command, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and more. Additionally, each site has been recognized as an Occupational Safety and Health Administration Voluntary Protection Programs, or VPP, Star Status. The VPP recognizes employers and workers in the private industry and federal agencies who have implemented effective safety and health management systems and maintain injury and illness rates below national Bureau of Labor Statistics averages for their respective industries.
How do the plants protect the environment?
The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant and Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant must adhere to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which gives the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authority to control hazardous waste, including generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste to protect human health and the environment. Furthermore, both plants comply with all permit regulations in accordance with the state of Colorado and the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
To learn more, visit the Environmental Activities at PCAPP and Environmental Activities at BGCAPP pages.
What role did the Anniston Field Office have in the elimination of chemical weapons?
With its available Static Detonation Chamber (SDC), the Anniston Field Office, or AFO, allowed Blue Grass and Pueblo operators to be effectively trained while the Blue Grass and Pueblo plant’s SDC units were being installed and tested, saving both time and money. In addition, the AFO used its SDC to dispose of 978,531 non-contaminated energetics from the Pueblo plant’s chemical weapons stockpile and 68,757 non-contaminated rocket motors from the Blue Grass plant’s chemical weapons stockpile.
On April 3, 2025, the AFO completed a decade of support to the PEO ACWA program with the destruction of the final non-contaminated rocket motor from the Blue Grass plant. The AFO team is scheduled to decommission, demolish and close the facility in 2025.
To learn more, visit the Facts: Anniston Field Office page.
Public Involvement
How is PEO ACWA involved with the communities surrounding the chemical depots in Colorado and Kentucky?
The public’s input and involvement is a cornerstone of the ACWA program. PEO ACWA and community members at both sites play an active role in the Colorado Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission, and the Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and its subcommittee, the Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board. View the following video to find out more:
To learn more and get involved in the Pueblo area, visit the PCAPP Public Involvement page.
To learn more and get involved in the Richmond area, visit the BGCAPP Public Involvement page.
What are Citizens’ Advisory Commissions?
Public Law 102-484 required the Secretary of the Army to create Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commissions, or CACs.
The CACs provide a vital link between the community and the Department of Defense (DOD) by providing a forum to exchange information about chemical weapons stockpile destruction, with a current focus on the safe closure of the destruction facilities. They exist to represent community and state interests to the U.S. Army and DOD. Their mission is to provide a mechanism for the thorough and objective exchange of information among the citizens of Colorado and Kentucky, the U.S. Army and other organizations involved in the chemical weapons demilitarization program.
To learn more, visit the Facts: Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission Legislation page.
What is the Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board?
The Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board, or CDCAB, is an independent sub-committee of the Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and is made up of a group of community leaders who represent the local community on issues regarding Kentucky’s chemical weapons stockpile destruction program, with a current focus on the safe closure of the destruction facility. With input from many interested parties, the board’s primary objective is to share information with the community and provide input to government decision-makers.
To learn more, visit the Facts: Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board page.
Job Information
How do I apply for a position opening at a chemical weapons destruction plant?
The closure process will take several years and require local workforces. PEO ACWA is committed to tapping into local businesses and workers to support the closure phases at the plants.
For more information on how to apply for position openings, visit the Jobs and Business Opportunities page.
What will happen to the PEO ACWA workforce now that the stockpile has been destroyed?
Closure includes a managed drawdown of government and contract personnel as sites transitioned from operations into closure and, ultimately, mission completion. This drawdown is occurring in planned, coordinated and communicated actions. A well-defined process exists for government personnel that may include transitioning to other positions within the federal government, retention incentives, reductions in force and normal attrition. Each contractor will utilize its own corporate specific policies regarding employee drawdown and transition. Where applicable, federal regulations (e.g., Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act) regarding notice will be followed.
ACWA Program Overview and Mission
What is the PEO ACWA mission?
The safe elimination of chemical weapons at Pueblo and Blue Grass by Dec. 31, 2023. The last munition in the stockpile was destroyed in July 2023 in Kentucky.
Why did the U.S. destroy its stockpile of chemical weapons?
In November 1969, President Richard Nixon unilaterally renounced the first use of chemical weapons. In the 1980s, with the rise of international dialogue concerning the effects of chemical warfare, Congress directed the U.S. Army to destroy all U.S. chemical weapons. This was later reinforced by President George H. W. Bush in May 1991 by a presidential directive and the U.S. ratification in 1997 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), an international treaty that requires all member nations to destroy their chemical weapons and production facilities. On July 7, 2023, PEO ACWA completed destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile, honoring the U.S. commitment to the CWC treaty.
What are the current public laws that affect PEO ACWA?
In 1996, Congress established the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, or ACWA, program under Public Law 104-208 to identify and demonstrate at least two technologies as alternatives to incineration for the destruction of assembled chemical weapons.
In its initial 1996 law, and again in follow-on legislation two years later, Public Law 105-261 directed that the ACWA program would be conducted independently from the Army’s chemical demilitarization effort under the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, or PMCD, known today as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity, and further stipulating that the ACWA program manager report directly to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
In 2003, legislation subsequently passed by Congress assigned responsibility to the ACWA program manager for the safe destruction of the remaining 10% of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado and Kentucky. This responsibility includes pilot plant construction, operation, closure and the awarding of all associated contracts, thus dual-tracking the national chemical demilitarization mission between PMCD and ACWA.
The Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2008 (Public Law 110-116) and the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2008 (Public Law 110-181) directed the Department of Defense to complete destruction of the entire national chemical weapons stockpile by the deadline established by the Chemical Weapons Convention (April 29, 2007), and in no circumstances later than Dec. 31, 2017. In 2016, the deadline for project completion was extended to Dec. 31, 2023, by Public Law 114-92. PEO ACWA completed destruction of the last declared munition in the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile July 7, 2023.
To learn more, visit the About ACWA, Facts: PEO ACWA Program Legislation and ACWA Program Legislation pages.
How do I get in touch with PEO ACWA?
There are several ways to get in touch with the ACWA program.
- Follow and engage with us on any of the social media platform linked in the footer below.
- Contact us directly at headquarters, the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant or the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant via the Contact Us page on this website.