PEO ACWA Introduction

What is PEO ACWA?

The mission of the Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, known as PEO ACWA, is to oversee the safe and environmentally compliant destruction of the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile stored at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot in Colorado and the Blue Grass Army Depot in Kentucky. As a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention, the U.S. must destroy all chemical weapons it owns or possesses. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity destroyed nearly 90% of the original chemical weapons stockpile. PEO ACWA is actively destroying the remaining 10% of the nation’s chemical weapons stockpile and is targeting completion of its mission by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction by Dec. 31, 2023. Watch the following video for more information about the program:

To learn more, visit the About PEO ACWA page.

Why does PEO ACWA exist?

In the 1980s, the rise of international concern regarding the effects of chemical warfare led to the decision by Congress to direct the Army to destroy all U.S. chemical weapons. This was reinforced by a Presidential directive and the U.S. ratification in 1997 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international treaty that calls upon all member nations to destroy their chemical weapons and production facilities. To comply with the treaty, the U.S. is destroying its remaining chemical weapons.

Initially, incineration was the only proven destruction technology in the U.S. to destroy chemical weapons; however, environmental and community concerns led to discussions around alternative means by which the stockpile could be destroyed.

In 1997, Congress established the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment program, known as ACWA, under Public Law 104-208 to identify and demonstrate at least two technologies as alternatives to incineration for the destruction of assembled chemical weapons.

Upon ACWA’s successful demonstration of several alternative technologies from 1997 to 2000, legislation passed by Congress in 2003 (Public Law 107-248) assigned the ACWA program responsibility to safely destroy the remaining 10% of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile located in Colorado and Kentucky. ACWA’s expanded mission resulted in a redesignation from “Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment” to “Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives” in June 2003.

To learn more, visit the About PEO ACWA page and the Program Timeline.

Where is PEO ACWA located?

PEO ACWA location map

Headquarters in Maryland

PEO ACWA is headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The PEO ACWA headquarters team oversees the activities at plants in Kentucky and Colorado, which are carrying out the safe and environmentally sound destruction of the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile.

Facility in Pueblo, Colorado

The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or PCAPP, is destroying the chemical weapons stockpile at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, or PCD, in southeastern Colorado. The plant is dedicated to the destruction of 2,613 U.S. tons of mustard agent that has been stored at PCD since the 1950s.

Facility near Richmond, Kentucky

The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, is destroying the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot, or BGAD, near Richmond, Kentucky. The plant is dedicated to the destruction of 523 U.S. tons of nerve agents sarin (GB) and VX, and mustard agent that has been stored at BGAD since the 1940s.

Field Office in Alabama

The PEO ACWA Anniston Field Office, or AFO, was established in 2014 to preserve the technical expertise of the former Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility staff and to leverage Anniston’s Static Detonation Chamber during chemical weapons destruction in Colorado and Kentucky.

When is the U.S. scheduled to complete its chemical weapons destruction?

In Colorado, destruction of chemical agent munitions at the main plant began Sept. 7, 2016, and Static Detonation Chamber operations began in February 2022. In Kentucky, Static Detonation Chamber operations at the Blue Grass plant began on June 7, 2019, and main plant operations began on Jan. 17, 2020. ACWA remains committed to completing stockpile destruction operations by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction by Dec. 31, 2023.

Who manages the ACWA program?

Organizational Oversight

PEO ACWA is aligned under the U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center. This designation provides PEO ACWA with the necessary support and resources as an Army organization under the direct command and control of the Department of Defense. The Program Executive Officer (PEO) reports directly to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Threat Reduction and Arms Control), under the umbrella of the Department’s Chemical Demilitarization Program as mandated by Congress in Public Law 105-261.

Program Management

PEO ACWA is managed by a program executive officer who leads a team that is carrying out the mission of the safe and environmentally sound destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile. This officer is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the program, including operations at Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) in Colorado, Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) in Kentucky and PEO ACWA’s Anniston Field Office in Alabama.

To learn more, visit the Program Management Biographies page.

Systems Contractor Support

In 2002, the Bechtel Pueblo Team was awarded the systems contract to design, construct, systemize, pilot test, operate and close PCAPP in Pueblo, Colorado. In 2003, the Bechtel Parsons Blue Grass Team was awarded the systems contract for the design, construction, systemization, operations and closure of BGCAPP near Richmond, Kentucky.

How are the chemical weapons being destroyed?

Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant

Neutralization followed by biotreatment is being used to destroy the chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado. The Static Detonation Chamber, an explosive destruction technology, was selected to augment the heavily automated facility and are being used to destroy 4.2-inch mortar rounds and problematic chemical munitions that cannot be easily processed through the main plant.

Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant

Neutralization is being used to destroy the nerve agent stockpile in Kentucky. Static Detonation Chamber technology was used to destroy the entire mustard agent-filled stockpile, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. Static Detonation Chamber units are augmenting main plant destruction by destroying containerized, drained and undrained rocket warheads and overpacked munitions from the stockpile.

Chemical Weapons Destruction

What are assembled chemical weapons?

Assembled chemical weapons are configured with fuzes, explosives, propellants, chemical agents, shipping and firing tubes and packaging materials. Examples include rockets and projectiles.

What types of chemical weapons are part of the stockpile located at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot and Blue Grass Army Depot?

The U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot originally stored 2,613 U.S. tons of the mustard agents in projectiles and mortar rounds. In Kentucky, the Blue Grass Army Depot originally stored 523 U.S. tons of both nerve and mustard agents in rockets and projectiles. Destruction of the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile is occurring in both Colorado and Kentucky.

What are mustard (blister) agents?

Mustard (blister) agent, purified sulfur mustard or distilled mustard, has a 5% sulfur impurity, less odor and greater blistering power than the original mustard agent used in World War I. Mustard agent is also known as H, HD or HT. Exposure to mustard agent causes inflammation of the eyes, nose, throat, trachea, bronchi and lung tissue, and blisters the skin. In amounts approaching the lethal dose, injury to bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen may occur. Mustard agent is toxic and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has deemed it a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent).

To learn more, visit the Facts: Characteristics of Mustard (Blister) Agents page.

What are nerve agents?

There are two types of nerve agents currently stored in the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile: VX and GB. Nerve agent VX, a clear, odorless and tasteless liquid, has an appearance similar to motor oil. VX can become an aerosol (very small droplets) through explosion or a vapor through ignition. It is heavier than water and evaporates 2,000 times more slowly. Highly toxic in its liquid, aerosol and vapor forms, VX is the most hazardous when absorbed through the skin.

Nerve agent GB, also known as sarin, is one of the most toxic members of the organophosphate family. Under normal conditions, it is a clear to straw-colored liquid and has approximately the same density and evaporation rate as water. GB presents the greatest hazard when released in vapor form. Such vapors can be released only by evaporation of the liquid or vaporization into the air.

To learn more, visit the Facts: Characteristics of Nerve Agents page.

What is the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?

Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or PCAPP, is a state-of-the-art facility that is safely destroying the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, or PCD, in Pueblo, Colorado. The stockpile of chemical weapons originally stored at PCD are 155mm projectiles, 105mm projectiles and 4.2-inch mortar rounds. PCAPP is using neutralization followed by biotreatment to destroy the remaining stockpile in the main plant. The Explosive Destruction System, an explosive destruction technology, was used to destroy problematic chemical munitions from 2015 to 2018. Static Detonation Chamber technology was selected to augment main plant operations and destroy problematic mustard chemical agent-filled projectiles and 4.2-inch mortar rounds.

What is the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?

The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, is a state-of-the-art facility that is safely destroying the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot near Richmond, Kentucky. The depot stored three types of chemical weapons in the original stockpile in Kentucky: 155mm projectiles, 8-in. projectiles and M55 rockets. The BGCAPP main plant is using neutralization to destroy the nerve agent stockpile. Meanwhile, the site’s explosive destruction technology, the Static Detonation Chamber, was selected to destroy the entire mustard agent stockpile, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. Static Detonation Chamber technology is being used to process containerized, drained rocket warheads and overpacked munitions to augment main plant destruction in Kentucky.

To learn more, visit the BGCAPP Project Stages page and the Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at Blue Grass page.

What is the status of the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?

The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant is in the operations phase and has completed two of three munitions destruction campaigns in the main plant. Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, technology is currently in use to destroy 4.2-inch mortar rounds and other problematic mustard agent-filled munitions from the stockpile in Colorado. ACWA is targeting completion of its mission by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction by Dec. 31, 2023.

 To learn more, visit the PCAPP Project Stages page and the Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot page.

What is the status of the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant?

The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, or BGCAPP, is in the operations phase and has completed four of five munitions destruction campaigns. The plant is currently destroying GB nerve agent M55 rockets as part of the site’s fifth and final campaign. The Explosive Destruction Technology, which completed destruction of all the mustard agent-filled munitions in the stockpile in Kentucky, is being converted to the Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC 1200, to destroy containerized, drained VX rocket warheads. The SDC 2000, used for processing containerized, drained and undrained GB rocket warheads and overpacked munitions, is in operations. ACWA is targeting completion of its mission by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction by Dec. 31, 2023.

 To learn more, visit the BGCAPP Project Stages page and Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at Blue Grass page.

How are the chemical weapons at the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant being destroyed?

Neutralization followed by biotreatment

Neutralization followed by biotreatment uses hot water to neutralize the chemical agent, effectively destroying the mustard agent molecules. The resulting product, hydrolysate, is mostly water and thiodiglycol, a common industrial chemical that is readily biodegradable. Ordinary sewage treatment bacteria, or microbes, consume the organics in the hydrolysate. Besides being a common phenomenon in nature, the science of using microbes to help dispose of hazardous waste has existed for decades. Sewage treatment facilities across the country use microbes every day to help break down raw sewage.

To learn more, visit the Neutralization Followed by Biotreatment page.

Explosive Destruction Technology

The Static Detonation Chamber, an explosive destruction technology, was selected to augment the baseline technology to destroy 4.2-inch mortar rounds and problematic chemical munitions that cannot be easily processed through the main plant. The SDC uses thermal destruction technology to process the weapons. Chemical munitions are placed in a feed box, conveyed to the top of the SDC vessel and fed into the electrically heated detonation chamber. The high heat (approximately 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit) detonates the munition, and the chemical agents and energetics are destroyed by thermal decomposition. Gases generated as a result of the process are treated by an off-gas treatment system that includes a thermal oxidizer, scrubbers and a carbon filtered system. All waste streams generated are screened and remaining scrap metal is decontaminated to be recycled.

Watch the following video to learn more about how the SDC works:

How are the chemical weapons at the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant being destroyed?

Neutralization

During the neutralization process, munitions are taken apart and the chemical agent is the mixed vigorously with hot water and sodium hydroxide, which destroys or neutralizes the agent. The resulting product, known as hydrolysate, is held and tested to ensure agent destruction before being shipped to an off-site treatment, storage and disposal facility for processing.

To learn more, visit the Facts: Neutralization page.

Static Detonation Chamber

Static Detonation Chamber technology was selected to augment the neutralization process to destroy the entire mustard stockpile in Kentucky, many of which have been found unsuited for processing through the main plant. Static Detonation Chamber units were also selected to augment the main plant in destroying containerized, drained rocket warheads and overpacked munitions from the stockpile.

What are Explosive Destruction Technologies, and how do they relate to chemical weapons destruction?

Explosive Destruction Technologies, are used to supplement destruction at the main plants, and use explosive charges or heat to destroy chemical weapons. They do not require disassembly of the munitions. There are three general types of explosive destruction technologies that can destroy chemical weapons: detonation technology, neutralization technology and thermal destruction.

In Colorado, Static Detonation Chamber, or SDC, technology was selected to destroy the 4.2-inch mortar rounds and problematic munitions unsuited for processing through main plant operations at the Pueblo plant. In February 2022, the three SDC units began operations. Previously, from 2015 to 2018, the Pueblo plant used the U.S. Army’s Explosive Destruction System to destroy problematic munitions.

In Kentucky, SDC technology was selected to destroy all of the mustard projectiles, as well as two 3-gallon Department of Transportation bottles containing mustard agent. Static Detonation Chamber units were also selected to process containerized, drained rocket warheads and overpacked munitions from the stockpile to augment main plant destruction in Kentucky.

Are the plants safe?

The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) and Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) comply with a number of safety standards set forth by the Department of DefenseU.S. ArmyArmy Materiel CommandCenters for Disease Control and Prevention and more. Additionally, each site has been recognized as an Occupational Safety and Health Administration Voluntary Protection Programs , or VPP, Star Status. The VPP recognizes employers and workers in the private industry and federal agencies who have implemented effective safety and health management systems and maintain injury and illness rates below national Bureau of Labor Statistics averages for their respective industries.

How do the plants protect the environment?

The Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant and Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant must adhere to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which gives the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authority to control hazardous waste, including generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste to protect human health and the environment. Furthermore, both plants comply with all permit regulations in accordance with the state of Colorado and the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

To learn more, visit the Environmental Activities at PCAPP and Environmental Activities at BGCAPP pages.

What role does 1the Anniston Field Office have in the elimination of chemical weapons?

With its available Static Detonation Chamber, the Anniston Field Office, or AFO, allowed Blue Grass and Pueblo operators to be effectively trained while the Blue Grass and Pueblo plant’s Static Detonation Chamber units were being installed and tested, saving both time and money. AFO is also handling the disposition of the Pueblo plant’s non-contaminated explosive components of some 780,000 artillery and mortar rounds and non-contaminated rocket motors from the Blue Grass plant.

To learn more, visit the Facts: Anniston Field Office page.

How much of the United States stockpile has been destroyed?

As a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention, the U.S. must destroy all chemical weapons it owns or possesses. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity (formerly known as the Chemical Materials Agency) destroyed nearly 90% of the original chemical weapons stockpile. PEO ACWA is actively destroying the remaining 10% of the nation’s chemical weapons stockpile and is targeting completion of its mission by the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty commitment of Sept. 30, 2023. U.S. Public Law mandates stockpile destruction by Dec. 31, 2023.

U.S. Stockpile Map

For the latest chemical agent destruction statistics in Colorado, visit the PCAPP homepage. For the latest chemical agent destruction statistics in Kentucky, visit the BGCAPP homepage.

Public Involvement

How is PEO ACWA involved with the communities surrounding the chemical depots in Colorado and Kentucky?

The public’s input and involvement is a cornerstone of the ACWA program. PEO ACWA and community members at both sites play an active role in the Colorado Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission, and the Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and its subcommittee, the Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board. View the following video to find out more:

The Pueblo and Richmond stockpile communities are each home to a public outreach office specifically established to support the program’s commitment to transparency. The offices act as information hubs that proactively provide the public with the latest news and information about ACWA’s chemical weapons destruction program.

To learn more and get involved in the Pueblo area, visit the PCAPP Public Involvement page.

To learn more and get involved in the Richmond area, visit the BGCAPP Public Involvement page.

What are Citizens’ Advisory Commissions?

Public Law 102-484 required the Secretary of the Army to create Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commissions, or CACs.

The CAC provides a vital link between the community and the Department of Defense (DOD) by providing a forum for exchanging information about chemical weapons disposal efforts. It exists to represent community and state interests to the U.S. Army and DOD. Its mission is to provide a mechanism for the thorough and objective exchange of information among the citizens of Colorado and Kentucky, the Army and other organizations involved in the chemical weapons demilitarization program.

To learn more, visit the Facts: Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission Legislation page.

What is the Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board?

The Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board, or CDCAB, is an independent sub-committee of the Kentucky Citizens’ Advisory Commission and is made up of a diverse group of community leaders who represent the local community on issues regarding Kentucky’s chemical weapons disposal program. With input from many interested parties, the board’s primary objective is to share information with the community and provide input to government decision-makers.

To learn more, visit the Facts: Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board page.

Job Information

How do I apply for a position opening at a chemical weapons destruction plant?

The continued storage and destruction missions will take several years and require local workforces. PEO ACWA is committed to tapping into local businesses and workers to support the destruction of chemical weapons.

For more information on how to apply for position openings, visit the Jobs and Business Opportunities page.

ACWA Program Overview and Mission

What is the PEO ACWA mission?

The safe elimination of chemical weapons at Pueblo and Blue Grass by Dec. 31, 2023.

What are the current public laws that affect PEO ACWA?

In 1996, Congress established the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, or ACWA, program under Public Law 104-208 to identify and demonstrate at least two technologies as alternatives to incineration for the destruction of assembled chemical weapons.
In its initial 1996 law, and again in follow-on legislation two years later, Public Law 105-261 directed that the ACWA program would be conducted independently from the Army’s chemical demilitarization effort under the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, or PMCD, known today as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity, and further stipulating that the ACWA program manager report directly to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

In 2003, legislation subsequently passed by Congress assigned responsibility to the ACWA program manager for the safe destruction of the remaining 10% of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado and Kentucky. This responsibility includes pilot plant construction, operation, closure and the awarding of all associated contracts, thus dual-tracking the national chemical demilitarization mission between PMCD and ACWA.

The Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2008 (Public Law 110-116) and the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2008 (Public Law 110-181) directed the Department of Defense to complete destruction of the entire national chemical weapons stockpile by the deadline established by the Chemical Weapons Convention (April 29, 2007), and in no circumstances later than Dec. 31, 2017. In 2016, the deadline for project completion was extended to Dec. 31, 2023 by Public Law 114-92.

To learn more, visit the About ACWAFacts: PEO ACWA Program Legislation and ACWA Program Legislation pages.

What is the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity, and what is its relationship to PEO ACWA?

Part of the Chemical Materials Activity’s, or CMA, mission is to protect and safely store the remaining U.S. chemical weapons stockpile in Colorado and Kentucky while ensuring emergency preparedness, and to effectively recover, assess and treat non-stockpiled chemical weapons.

How do I get in touch with PEO ACWA?

There are several ways to get in touch with the ACWA program.

  • Sign up for the Connect with ACWA e-newsletter to stay up-to-date with destruction plant activities.
  • Follow and engage with us on any of the social media platform linked to in the footer below.
  • Contact us directly at headquarters, the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant or the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant via our Contact Us page on the website.
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